科学哲学的语境论进路及其问题域

A Contextual Approach to the Philosophy of Science and Its Problem Domain

当代科学哲学是架起哲学与科学的桥梁,其目标是为解决科学哲学的传统进路面临的科学主义与人文主义、客观主义与主观主义、绝对主义与相对主义、理性主义与非理性主义、实在论与反实在论等二元对立提供新的进路。语境论的进路有助于达到这一目标。现有的语境论进路有四种:一是认识的语境论,二是语境实在论,三是语境经验主义,四是语境论的技能获得模型。前三种进路突出了语境分析法,第四种进路有可能为语境论的科学哲学框架的形成提供具体的实现路径和机制。当科学哲学家基于科学家的认知技能获得过程来重新审视科学知识的形成与科学定律的提出时,就把认识论问题的讨论从过去只关注知识的来源与真理的问题,转化为通过规则的内化与超越而获得认知能力的问题;把规范性概念从过去追求的一个理想目标,转化为与科学家的创造性活动相伴随的不断建立新规范的一个动态过程,从而突出了对意会知识与技能性知识的研究,甚至形成一门知识学。

The contemporary philosophy of science is a bridge between philosophy and science and its goal is to provide a new approach for solving the problems of binary oppositions between scientism and humanism, objectivism and subjectivism, absolutism and relativism, rationalism and irrationalism, realism and anti-realism and so on which are faced by traditional philosophy of science. The contextual approach will help to arrive at this target. The existing four contextual approaches are as follow. The first one is epistemic contextualism, the second is contextual realism, the third is contextual empiricism, and the last one is contextual model of skill acquisition. The first three approaches have stressed contextual analysis method. The forth approach will give a route and mechanism of realization for becoming of frame of philosophy of science. When the philosopher of science based on the acquisition of cognitive ability of scientists to rethink the formation of scientific knowledge and the production of scientific laws, they will transform the discussion about the problem of epistemology from paying close attention to the source of knowledge and the problem of truth to how to acquire a cognitive ability by internalizing and beyond rules and the conception of normativity will be transformed from a ideal goal of their pursuit to a dynamic process of creation new norms with scientist creative activity.