共名制:民间信仰的另一种生存策略——对湖南省江华瑶族自治县一个“盘王大庙”的个案研究

Sharing Name:Another Strategy for Survival of Folk Belief——A Case Study of "King Pan Grand Temple" in Jianghua Yao NationalityAutonomous County,Hunan Province

基于参与观察与个案访谈,采用民族志方法叙述了一个瑶族村落以"盘王大庙"之名来重建"仁王庙"的过程。这个过程包含了村民的支持、乡村精英的努力和政府的通融,是小传统与大传统发生碰撞时的文化表现,是为了缓解紧张关系的一种生存艺术,取名曰"共名制"。"共名制"与学界以往研究中的"双名制"、"借名制"均有所不同,它是以合法化仁王信仰为初衷而创造出的以一种合法信仰之名(盘王信仰)来容纳非法信仰(仁王信仰)的运作策略,导致最终结果是:在一个信仰之下实际共存着两套信仰体系,这实际上是一种民间所谓的"一个牌子,两套人马"模式策略。

Based on participant-observation and individual interview, this paper makes an ethnographic description of the process of a Yao nationality village＇s reconstruction of ＂King Ren Temple＂ under the name of ＂King Pan Grand Temple＂ . Success of the cause owes to the villagers＇ support, rural elites＂ efforts and governments＂ benevolence. It is a cultural manifestation of the collision between local and grand customs. It is an art for survival that eases the tensions resulted from collision, called in this paper as ＂sharing name＂ . Different from the ＂dual name＂ or ＂borrowing name＂ in earlier studies, ＂sharing name＂ as a strategy aimed at legalizing the belief of King Ren utilizes the name of a legal belief （that in King Pan） to contain illegal belief （that in King Ren） . The result is coexistence of two belief systems under the name of one belief system, which is indeed the folk mode of ＂one brand, two teams＂ .