南京政府中央银行之金融监管制度发展论——以国家法文本为中心

On the Financial Supervision System of Central Bank of Nanjing Government-Taking National Law Text as the Core

中央银行行使的包括金融机构的审批注册、发行准备的集中、金融业务范围的规范、收存准备金等各项金融监管职能,是近现代中央银行三大特定职能之一。1928年南京政府特设了"中央银行",意图使其成为近现代意义上超越于普通商业银行与国家银行的中央银行,对全国金融市场之主体及制度进行监管与约束,以控制金融制度结构为政府所用。但中央银行由于多种原因而一直空有其名,直至1942年,中央银行在政府主导下方进化为身具"发行的银行"、"国家的银行"、"银行的银行"等职能的真正意义的中央银行,此前集体行使中央银行职能的国家银行群最终转向了专业性国家银行,南京国民政府控制下的垄断型金融制度基本成型,然而制度安排刚刚得以完成的金融市场却连同政治一起走向结束。

The financial supervision function carried out by central bank includes approving and registering financial organs, collecting monetary reserve, regulating financial business scope and receiving and keeping reserve fund, which serves as one of the three major functions of modern central bank. In 1928, Nanjing government set up a central bank to surpass common banks and national banks and supervise and regulate national financial market and system. As a result, the financial system could be controlled to serve the government. However, the central bank of Nanjing government was only a phrase without much substance due to various kinds of reasons. Until 1942, central bank became the issue bank, national bank and bank＇s bank, which was similar in function as modern central bank.