陕西省苹果苗木质量现状调查及分析

Investigation and analysis of apple nursery quality in Shaanxi Province

【目的】对陕西省苹果苗木质量开展实地调查,并参照国家苹果苗木质量标准,客观评价陕西省苹果苗木质量,旨在为苹果苗木繁育和苗木标准的完善提供依据。【方法】于陕西苹果苗木繁育最集中的地区(扶风、眉县和杨凌),选取常规苗圃和示范苗圃共27个,于苗圃典型地块以对角线方式进行取样,共计1 494株,按照国家标准对常规苗圃中2年生乔化、2年生矮化和3年生矮化及示范苗圃中2年生乔化和3年生矮化苗木的侧根数、根砧长度、中间砧长度、苗木高度、苗木粗度、倾斜度和整形带内饱满芽数等指标进行测定,对调查结果进行分析,并根据我国苹果苗木质量等级划分标准对陕西省苹果苗木质量进行评价。【结果】调查结果表明,目前陕西苹果苗木质量普遍不高,对于常规苗圃,一般水平和较优水平下的2年生矮化苗木几乎完全达不到要求,达到我国3级标准要求的苗木比例只有1.1%和2.8%,2年生乔化和3年生矮化苗木的这一比例分别为28.8%,42.0%和25.8%,73.1%。较优水平下的2年生乔化和3年生矮化苗中符合1级标准要求的苗木比例仅为7.0%和1.9%。我国苹果苗木质量标准中对侧根长度(≥20 cm)、根砧长度(≤5 cm)、中间砧长度变幅(≤5 cm)以及对于乔化苗和矮化苗采用相同苗木粗度的要求,很大程度上不符合生产实际,应做出一定的修改。【结论】鉴于陕西苹果苗木质量较低的现状,引导培育优质大苗应是今后苹果苗木繁育工作的重点内容之一。建议根据实际情况,对我国苹果苗木质量标准中侧根长度、根砧长度和中间砧长度变幅的要求进行修改,针对乔化苗和矮化苗制定不同的苗木粗度要求,并增加苗木分枝方面的内容。

【Objective】 Field surveys were carried out to evaluate the quality status of apple nursery in Shaanxi Province objectively,and provide theoretical basis for the development of apple nursery breeding and the improvement of China national standard for apple nursery.【Method】 In most concentrated apple nursery breeding areas in Fufeng,Meixian and Yangling of Shaanxi Province,1 494 seedlings of typical block of 27 nurseries（including general nursery and demonstration nursery） were selected and sampled by a diagonal sampling method.According to national standard,the number of lateral root,length of rootstock,length of interstock,height of nursery plant,gradient and the number of plump bud in shaping strip of 2-year-old nursery with vigorous rootstock,2-year-old and 3-year-old nursery with dwarfing interstock were determinated.Mean while,the results of indicators’ determination were used to analyse the relative content of the national standard.【Result】 The results reflected that the quality of apple nursery in general in Shaanxi Province is poor.For general nurseries,the ratio of general level and better level of 2-year-old nursery with dwarfing interstock which meets national standard of grade 3 is only 1.1% and 2.8%,making this type of nursery almost completely fail to meet the production requirement.The same ratio to 2-year-old nursery with vigorous rootstock is only 28.8% and 42.0%,and to 3-year-old nursery with dwarfing interstock is only 25.8% and 73.1%.But the ratio of better level of 2-year-old nursery with vigorous rootstock and 3-year-old nursery with dwarfing interstock which meet the national standard requirement of grade 1 is merely 7.0% and 1.9%.The requirements about lateral root length,rootstock length,variation intensity of interstock length and the requirements about plant diameter,which are the same for vigorous nursery and dwarfing nursery,don’t correspond to actual production to a great degree.【Conclusion】 Breeding high-quality apple nursery should be one of the most important works which need special attention because of the unsatisfactory quality status of apple nursery stock of Shaanxi Province.We recommend some modifications to national standard of apple nursery according to actual situation,which are about lateral root length（≥20 cm）,rootstock length（≤5 cm） and variation intensity of interstock length（≤5 cm）;the requirements of plant diameter for vigorous and dwarfing nursery should be different;the contents about branching situation of apple nursery should be added to national standard.