由甲骨文资料试拟商族先公世系

On the Lineages of Pre-Shang Authorities Basing on Oracle Bone Inscriptions

甲骨文资料与传世文献互证的结果表明,商代前期的先王世系以"兄终弟及"制为主,而以"父死子继"制为辅。这种制度保留了较多的游牧氏族社会的特征。以此上推先商先公时期,其保留游牧氏族社会性质应该更浓,因而先公世系更应该体现"兄终弟及"制特征。然而《史记.殷本纪》中所载先商先公世系则为"父死子继"制,这显然不符合历史事实。甲骨文祭祀制度中有"只祭所自出之先王,而非所自出之先王则不与"的原则。据此推测,《殷本纪》所载先商先公世系,只保留了先商先公的直系世系,而旁系先公世系被淘汰省略了。现据甲骨文资料,我们可以试拟补出那些被省略掉的旁系世系,从而大致复原出以"兄终弟及"为主的先商先公世系。

It＇s proved by the oracle bone inscriptions and literature that the main authority inherited from the elder to younger brother in early period of Shang Dynasty instead of male primogeniture.At the same time,the records in the section Yinbenji of Shiji showed falsely that the inheritance system was between father and son.By means of the records on sacrifice system in the oracle bone inscriptions,it could be deduced that only the lineal lineages of the authorities in Pre-Shang were kept in the section Yinbenji of Shiji whereas the collateral lineages were omitted.In view of oracle bone inscriptions,the omitted lineages could be reconstructed again.