儿童和青少年的应对发展研究新进展

A Review of Advances of Research of Coping Development in Children and Adolescents

本文从发展心理学的视角,综合有关儿童和青少年应对的研究,对应对的理论发展,儿童和青少年应对发展的特点和趋势以及影响因素等问题进行了梳理,并概述了该领域的研究动向。应对的理论发展体现出从静态到动态,从单因素向多因素,从单维度向多水平的特点。儿童和青少年的应对发展需要某些认知能力的支持,并和调节过程具有密切的联系。作为心理学重要研究领域的应对,对其本身结构、相关研究方法以及应对对个体心理发展的作用机制等问题的探索还有待进一步的深入。

Coping is one of the most important research fields in psychology. From the perspective of developmental psychology, this paper summarizes related research of coping in children and adolescents and describes the theoretical development of coping, characteristics of coping development in children and adolescents, and influencing factors in their coping. It also looks into the future of coping research. As to the coping theory, the development moves from a static feature to a dynamic feature, from the single factor to the multi-factor, and from the single dimension to multi-level models. Just as in the newest model of coping as a multi-level adaptive system, it operates as an adaptive process across developmental time, as an episodic process across episodic time, and as an interactional process across real time. The model looks into coping in an integrated way. It not only focuses on detailed reaction process under certain situations, but also considers coping as a macro dynamic mechanism for individuals＇ healthy development. As to the coping development in children and adolescence, it sets forth some requirements on cognitive abilities, just as the ability of planning and rumination will help adolescents put more coping strategies into effective use, and research around several coping strategies （ including problerrvsolving, support seeking, and distracting） just reflected this point. In fact, development of children＇ s and adolescents＇ coping can be considered as the result of interaction between progress of regulation development in each growing stage and external environment. Based on the continuing controversy about ＇nature＇ vs ＇nurture＇ in developmental psychology, as well as the tendency of focusing on situation differences in recent coping research of children and adolescents, the article analyzes the influencing factors in coping within two categories, including self-related factors （temperament, personality, individual＇s cognition, etc. ） and socialization- related factors （social situations with family, peer etc. ）. In self-related factors, temperament and personality, as relative stable personal variables, usually play an interactive role with coping development. In the early days, they affect coping; with coping developed, coping can shape their growth. As to socialization-related factors, family is one of the most important one in coping development with parents usually playing a great role during the process. Parents who are sensitive to and good at reacting to their kids＇ emotional reaction in general will p^itively affect on children and adolescents＇ coping, but we should also keep a vigilant eye on impediment to individuals＇ development caused by parents＇ overprotection. In addition, adolescents＇ coping development is associated with situational differences. Considering the prospect of coping research, topics about the construct of coping itself, research methods as well as mechanism of coping in individuals＇ psychological development are all points that merit our attention and further exploration to.