北京山区油松林地菌根性食用菌发生规律

Occurrence of Edible Mycorrhizal Mushroom in the Pine Forests of Beijing Mountainous Area

【目的】明确北京油松林地菌根性食用菌的发生规律以及与林地的依存状况,为松林的持续发展和野生菌的合理开发利用提供理论依据。【方法】对北京山区油松林地发生的菌根食用菌种类、发生时间、发生量与立地条件等进行4年的定位观测和临时调查。【结果】血红铆钉菇(Chroogomphus rutilus)和点柄粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus granulatus)是油松林地最常发生的2种外生菌根菌,其次为棕灰口蘑(Tricholoma terreum)。点柄粘盖牛肝菌和血红铆钉菇分布于海拔400—1 100 m,于8—10月发生,多雨年份出菇达到4—5潮,持续时间可达2个月以上。其子实体发生后约5 d散发孢子,天热时7 d后腐烂。点柄粘盖牛肝菌在春秋雨水较多的年份还发生于夏初和深秋。充足降雨之后,连续3—5 d的高温是子实体大量发生的必要条件。油松林地地下菌塘菌丝密集,地表具有丰富的生物多样性。【结论】血红铆钉菇、点柄粘盖牛肝菌是北京油松林地的优势菌根性食用菌。降雨量、温度等气象因子是决定每年子实体发生时间和当年产量高低的重要因子。不同海拔、不同坡位的油松林地,菌根食用菌发生时间、发生的优势种类不同。

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of macrofungi in the pine forests of Beijing mountainous area and their interdependence with the forests,and to provide theoretical data for sustainable exploitation of the pine forests and wild fungi resources.【Method】 The mycorrhizal edible fungal species,occurrence time,yield,site condition,etc.were analyzed by using 4 years point-survey and temporary investigation methods in pine forests of Beijing mountainous area.【Result】 It was found that Chroogomphus rutilus and Suillus granulatus are the two most common species of mycorrhizal edible fungi in pine forests,the third high-yielding species is Tricholoma terreum.S.granulatus and C.rutilus usually distribute at 400 to 1 100 meters altitude,August to October,and 4-5 crops in heavy rainfall years.The fruit bodies mature and product spores after about 5 days of their occurrence,and rotted after about one week in high temperature seasons.When the rainfall is enough in spring and autumn,S.granulatus can also appear in early summer and late autumn.After an enough rainfall,about 3 to 5 days of high temperature is necessary for the fungi occurrence.The mycelia of mycorrhizal fungi are very bushy in the soil of mushroom shiro under the pine forests.and the plant species show rich diversity in the shiro area.【Conclusion】 C.rutilus and S.granulatus are the dominant mycorrhizal edible fungi in the pine forests of Beijing mountainous area.The meteorological factors such as rainfall,temperature are very important for the mushroom occurrence time and yield.With different altitudes and slope positions of pine forests,the occurrence time and dominant species of macro-fungi are also different.