论“处士横议”

On the Non-Official Scholars' Active Discussion

"处士横议"现象在战国时期十分突出。以往对横议处士身份的理解存在误差,他们其实指那些有着强烈入仕愿望而尚未出仕的士人,而非隐士。处士横议与战国时期诸侯对人才的主动招揽、诸子百家自由争鸣的风气等密切相关,是时代巨变的产物。处士横议对士人精神、社会变动有过积极影响,也存在弊端。战国之后,随着大一统王朝的建立、士人群体本身的分化,以及选官制度的逐步完善,处士失去了横议的土壤,因此到秦汉时期逐渐式微,其后作为社会普遍现象的处士横议则不复存在。"处士横议"从极盛到式微,是一种历史的必然。

The phenomenon of non-official scholars＇ active-discussion was greatly prevalent during the Warring-states period.In the past,the status of non-official scholars was misunderstood.In fact,the non-official scholars were those who had a strong desire to be officals but not yet entered political stratum,rather than hermits.Their active-discussion was closely related with offcutting-powers attracting professionals and the thinkers＇ free argument,which was a reflection of the times＇ great changes.It has had positive effects on the intellectuals＇ spiritual world and social changes,but there were still some abuses.After the Warring-States Period,with the establishment of the unified dynasty,the differentiation of themselves and the development of official election system,the non-official scholars lost the chance of active-discussion irresponsibly.During Qin and Han dynasties,it gradually declined,then as a common phenomenon in society,non-official scholars＇ active-discussion no longer existed,which was a historical inevitability.