晚期奥斯曼帝国的军事改革评析

Remark and Analyses on the Military Reforms in Late Ottoman Empire

奥斯曼帝国最先推行的西化改革政策就是引进西方军事技术,改造旧军队以适应新形势。无论阿布杜.哈米德一世的改革,还是塞利姆三世的改革,目的都是尽快"强兵",扭转军事上的败局,带有极强的功利性,但没有取得期望的成效。不过,改革政策倡导向西方学习、引进西方先进技术,对输入外来文明有利。军事改革不成功,主要是难以把旧军队改造成新军队。每次军事改革都会触动军事贵族的利益,军事贵族与其他反素丹的力量联合,要挟甚至废黜推行改革的素丹,迫使改革措施搁浅。直到马哈茂德二世执政之后的第十九年,才彻底摧毁旧军队,为其后的改革扫除了障碍,并建立了新式军队。

The originl Occidentalizing Reform measures pursued by the Ottoman Empire was introduction of the west military technology and found of new army substitute for the old army. The reforms during Abdul Hamid Ⅰ and Selim Ⅲ regimes took ＂strengthen military ＂ as their goal in order to turn the defeat, which were with strong utility and had not gained expectable effects. However, those reforms proposed learning from western culture, and was science technology and in favour of import of the external civilization. The military reform had not succeed because it was difficult to change the old army into a new one. Each time when the military reform affected the interests of military notables, the military notables and other opposition powers would Unite, threaten and even depose Sultan who practiced reform. Finally the military reform were suspended. It was not until the 19th year after Sultan Mahmoud Ⅱ ascended the throne that the old army was destroyed the hinder of reform was thoroughly removed, and a new army was founded.