摘要
1840年鸦片战争前,清政府实行的是广州一口通商的"闭关自守"政策,严禁外国人私入内地。1858年,随着中英《天津条约》第九款的签订,中国内地正式对外国人开放,准许他们持照进入中国内地游历。围绕着外国人是凭游历执照还是通商执照通行内地,清政府与当时的西方列强发生了大量的纠纷与交涉,双方争论的焦点包括游历执照内容的填写、签发盖印、如何管理以及有效期等具体问题,交涉过程既体现了法律制度的严密性,又暴露出清政府在与洋人打交道时的被动性。
Before the first Opium war in 1840, Qing government closed the country to international intercourse except Guangzhou, so the foreigners were forbidden to travel mainland of China. When the section nine of ＂Tianjin Treaty＂ signed with Britain in 1858, the aliens were allowed to travel inland with passport. There was a lot of dispute about the passport for travelling Chinese mainland, such as the content, seal, administration and valid period and its＇ awareness of law, but passivity also appeared. so on. In the process of negotiations, China showed
出处
《中北大学学报（社会科学版）》
2011年第4期31-38,共8页
Journal of North University of China：Social Science Edition
关键词
鸦片战争
内地
游历
护照
Opium war
inland
travel
passport
