试论生态思想中的“田园主义”

On Arcadianism in Ecological Ideology

"生态学"关注的是人与环境之间的关系。环境包括"自然环境"和"人工环境"两种,前者主要指的是乡村,而后者主要指的是城市。在生态思想的发展历程中,"乡村"这一空间形态是其主要的思想基点或思考重心。正是这种偏重"乡村"(自然)的思想姿态,造成了生态思想中"田园主义"思潮的长期流行。生态思想中的"田园主义"思潮始于吉尔伯特·怀特的《塞耳彭自然史》一书;而埃比尼泽·霍华德的《明日的田园城市》一书,则表明"田园主义"由"乡村"向"城市"的渗透,并促成了一种特殊的"田园主义"——"都市田园主义"的诞生。无论是哪种"田园主义",它们都是一种基于"乡村"的生态思想,这种思想无法很好地解决"城市"中的生态问题。要真正解决"城市"中的生态问题,就必须让思想回归到"城市"本身。

The ecology focuses on the relation between human and environment. The environment includes natural environment and artificial environment. Of these, the former refers to the environment in rural areas while the latter refers to that in urban areas. In the development course of the ecological ideology,the spatial form of rural areas is the basic point,causing a long-running vogue of the Arcadianism in the ecological ideology. The Arcadianism in the ecological ideology came from the book The Natural History of Selborne by Gilbert White whereas the book Garden Cities of To-morrow by Ebenezer Howard indicated that the Arcadianism has been infiltrated from rural areas to urban areas,forming a special Arcadianism,i.e.the urban Arcadianism. But regardless,both of them are the ecological ideologies based on rural areas,which could not solve ecological problems in urban areas very well. Therefore, it is necessary for us to attach great importance to the environment in urban areas as to address the ecological problems in urban areas.