4Berg C J, Callaghan WM, Syverson C, et al. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 1985 to 2005 [ J]. Obstet Gynecol,2010,116(6) :1302-1309.
5Baskett TF. Complications of the third stage of labour [ M]//Essential Management of Obstetrical Emergencies. 3rd ed. Bristol, England : Clinical Press, 1999 : 196-201.
6Cunningham FG,Gant NF, Leveno KJ, et al. Conduct of normal labor and delivery [ M ]//Williams Obstetrics. New York: McGraw-Hill ,2001:320-325.
7Jackson KW Jr, Allbert JR, Schemmer GK, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing oxytocin administration before and after placental delivery in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage [J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol,2001,185(4) :873-877.
8Shciner E, Sarid L, Levy A, et al. Obstetric risk factors and outcome of pregnancies complicated with early postpartum hemorrhage: a population-based study [ J ]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med,2005,18 (3) :149-154.
9Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Canada. Postpartum hemorrhage[ M]. 15th Ed. 2008 :ALARM Manual.
10Prendiville WJ, Elbourne D, McDonald S. Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour [ J ]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev ,2000, CD000007.
