马克思主义与社会合理性的批判：从剩余价值到技术政治

Marxism and the Critique of Social Rationality:From Surplus Value to the Politics of Technology

平息批评最有效的方式是用批判之类的术语进行证明。当一种行动据理得到证明,如何有理由否定它的合法性呢?我们关注批判的策略,用以说明合理性(rationality)对合理批判的抵抗问题,特别关注对技术理性的批判。福柯在其权力与知识理论中对这一点已有所阐释。经过仔细探究马克思用他的方法在对市场和技术的"社会合理性"批判时作出的预言,发现在对工作日的讨论中,马克思通过运用与"不充分确定"(underdetermination)概念非常相似的方法成功说明了"社会合理性"的沉默效应。在马克思的著作中也有技术批判的踪迹。19世纪60、70年代,在对待发达社会的技术合理性问题上,新马克思主义和后结构主义都要求根本性的变革。首先在环境运动的影响下,有关技术的论战迅速蔓延。不充分确定的概念最终在对当代科学和技术的研究中得到系统阐释,但这种阐释不带有明显的政治目的。然而,对技术的纯理论理解作出的修正,它对弱化技术专家为制定公共政策提出的那种理由带有积极意义。技术政治的新时代已经开始。

The most effective way to silence criticism is a justification on the very terms of the likely critique.When an action is rationally justified,how can reason deny its legitimacy? This paper concerns critical strategies that have been employed for addressing the resistance of rationality to rational critique,particularly with respect to technology.Foucault addressed this problem in his theory of power/knowledge.This paper explores Marx's anticipation of that approach in his critique of the 'social rationality' of the market and technology.Marx got around the silencing effect of social rationality with something very much like the concept of underdetermination in his discussion of the length of the working day.There are hints of a critique of technology in his writings as well.In the 1960s and 1970s,neo-Marxists and poststructuralists demanded radical changes in the technological rationality of advanced societies.Soon technical controversies spread,primarily through the influence of the environmental movement.The concept of underdetermination was finally formulated clearly in contemporary science and technology studies,but without explicit political purpose.Nevertheless,this revision of the academic understanding of technology contributes to weakening technocratic rationales for public policy.A new era of technical politics has begun.