冬小麦新品种“科农199”高产稳产特征分析

Analysis of high and stable yield characteristics of "Kn199" winter wheat cultivar

"科农199"是利用染色体工程技术培育的高产稳产小麦新品种,其抗寒、耐旱、抗干热风,根系发达,生育中后期能够高效吸收深层土壤的水分养分。本文研究了氮肥、磷肥、水分运筹等对"科农199"产量潜力的影响,为"科农199"的栽培推广提供参考。试验从2008年开始,在冬小麦各主要生育期收集数据、取样并进行相关处理;在收获后进行室内考种,考查千粒重、穗粒数、单株穗数、产量等重要性状指标。通过田间试验发现,"科农199"小麦无论低氮或高氮供给条件下都比其他品种积累更多的干物质并向籽粒中分配,从而形成较高的经济产量;大田节肥试验中施纯氮120 kg.hm-2时单产6 532.5 kg.hm-2,氮肥偏生产力达54.4 kg.kg-1;施纯氮180 kg.hm-2时单产7 312.5 kg.hm-2,氮肥偏生产力达40.6 kg.kg-1。在低磷定位试验中,"科农199"表现出分蘖力强、成穗率高、收获群体大的特点。在冬前底墒水充足的条件下,春季灌水1-2次可满足亩产千斤的水分需求。现阶段冻害干旱等极端气候高发频发,推广"科农199"这类抗逆稳产品种,可提高我国小麦生产可持续性,有助于保障粮食安全。

＂Kn199＂ winter wheat cultivar is 1RS/1BL translocation line and derivative of octoploid synthetic Triticum aestivum and Elytrigia elongata species.It has excellent frost hardiness,winter survival,drought tolerance,hot/dry wind resistance,onsite adapta-bility and yield stability.Its robust root system facilitates high water absorption and nutrient uptake at the depth of soils especially under drought stress conditions.In this study,nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency（NUE,PUE） of ＂Kn199＂ under reduced and optimum nutrient supplies were investigated in relation to yield potential under limited irrigation conditions.A field experiment was set up in 2008 where wheat yield traits such as pre-winter tiller number,post greening plant number,filling spike number were inves-tigated.Wheat plant tissues were also taken at different growth stages and the 1000-grain weight,per spike grain,per plant spike,yield index and sterile spikelet measured after harvest.The results showed that ＂Kn199＂ accumulated more dry matter with a greater distribution in kernels than the other genotypes under both low [120 kg（N）-hm-2] and normal [180 kg（N）-hm-2] nitrogen inputs.Par-tial factor productivity of applied N（PFPN） in the nitrogen-saving trial was 54.4 kg-kg-1 for ＂Kn199＂,yielding 6 532.5 kg-hm-2 un-der 120 kg-hm-2 N supply.It was 40.6 kg-kg-1,yielding 7 312.5 kg-hm-2 under 180 kg-hm-2 N supply.Under lower phosphorous input of 60 kg（P2O5）-hm-2 in long-term nurseries,＂Kn199＂ exhibited the most desirable PUE attributes such as high tillering capacity,spike formation and harvest population.With sufficient soil water prior to winter,one or two times of irrigation in spring was enough for ＂Kn199＂ to yield 7 500 kg-hm-2 in North Huang-Huai winter wheat cultivation region.Under the adverse and severe climatic conditions such as extreme frosts,droughts and hot winds,＂Kn199＂ cultivation benefits stable grain yield and food security in the region.