长沙市机械制造行业职业危害现状研究

Occupational Hazards Status Among Machinery Manufacturing Industry in Changsha

目的了解长沙市机械制造行业职业危害现状、分布特点和职业人群接触特征,确定职业危害控制目标和重点。方法应用职业卫生调查、检测检验法、职业健康监护等方法,对长沙市2008-2010年职业病危害工业企业调查资料,编制数据库进行统计分析。结果调查全市机械制造行业有职业病危害的工业企业44家,职工总数65 363人,接触职业危害19 934人,外包人员4 289人。职业病危害因素检测合格率低的分别是矽尘、噪声、紫外线、甲醛、二氧化锰,职业病危害的种类是尘肺病、慢性苯中毒、听力损伤和职业性皮肤病;企业职业卫生管理、建设项目评价与卫生审查、健康监护率等都处于较低水平。结论机械制造行业主要职业病危害因素是粉尘、噪声、锰及化合物、苯系物、电弧焊光,职业病防控重点是尘肺病、慢性苯中毒;机械行业职业病危害的关键控制点是喷涂漆、铸造、电焊、热处理、打磨、切割下料等岗位。

Objective To understand the status,distribution characteristics and occupational exposure features of occupational hazards among machinery manufacturing industry in Changsha;difine the occupational hazards control objectives and keys.Methods Occupational health investigation,testing,occupational health monitoring and other ways were applied to obtain the information of occupational hazards in machinery manufacturing industry during 2008-2010;database was set up for statistical analysis.Results There were 44 occupational hazards enterprises in the machinery manufacturing industry,with 65 363 workers in total,in which the workers exposed to occupational hazards were 19 934,including 4 289 outsourcing staff.The occupational hazards factors which had low qualified rate were silicon dust,noise,ultraviolet,formaldehyde,manganese dioxide.The species of occupational hazards were dust consumption,chronic benzene poisoning,hearing damage and occupational skin diseases.Enterprise management,construction project evaluation and hygiene review,the monitor rate of health were all in low level.Conclusion The main occupational hazards factors in machinery manufacturing are dust,noise,manganese and compounds,benzene,electric arc light soldering.The emphasis of occupational diseases prevention are dust consumption and chronic benzene poisoning.The key control points for occupational hazards in the machinery manufacturing industries are posts such as painting,casting,electrical welding,heat treating,grinding,cutting and so on.