近60年中国典型洪水灾害与防洪减灾对策

Typical Flood Disasters During Last Sixty Years and Strategies of Flood Control and Disaster Mitigation in China

在介绍我国洪水灾害基本情况的基础上,重点分析了近60 a来的典型洪水灾害事件及防洪减灾对策,认为我国洪水灾害的基本特征未发生根本变化,但体现出洪水多样性更突出、人类活动影响增强、高坝溃决风险加大及山洪灾害日益突显等新特点和新变化。提出了防洪减灾对策:①切实更新防洪减灾理念,加快向"工程与非工程措施并重、防洪工程与抗洪抢险相结合"的新型防洪减灾模式转变;②加大科研力度和投入,努力提高气象和水文预报精度;③整合各类防洪资源,实现优化配置,进行科学调度,动态控制水库汛限水位;④加大法律法规的执行力度,规范流域开发行为,坚决打击侵占河道与蓄滞洪区的非法行为;⑤强化高坝大库溃决的风险意识,合理设计、科学管理和运行,建立风险规避机制;⑥加大山洪及其次生灾害的防治力度,加大投入,科学规划,建立预警机制,完善防洪预案。

The base situations on Chinese flood disasters were introduced.The typical flood events during last sixty years and strategies of flood control and disaster mitigation in China were analyzed in detail.The results indicate that the basic features of Chinese flood disasters have no change.Instead,the flood events are more uncertain,the human activities are more intense,the risks of high dam-breaking increase and the flash floods are of more concern.According to these new features,the strategies of flood control and disaster mitigation are proposed in this paper,which are to update the ideas about flood control,to strengthen flood control and disaster mitigation research,to integrate all resources of flood control,to enforce construction of laws with relation to flood control,to enhance the risk consciousness of high dam-breaking,and to reinforce the prevention of flash flood.