2Black, P. & William, D. 2009. Developing the theory of formative assessment[J]. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21 ( 1 ): 5-31.
3Scriven, M. 1967. The methodology of evaluation [C ] //Tyler, R. M. et al. Perspectives of curriculum evaluation. Chicago: Rand McNally: 39-83.
4Weir, C. J. Understanding and Developing Language Tests [ M ]. London:Prentice. Hall International English Language Teaching, 1993.
5Bachman, L. F. & Palmer, A. S. Language Testing in Practic [ M ]. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1996.
6Harlen, W. & James, M. Assessment and learning : Differences and relationships between formative and summative assessment[ J]. As- sessment in Education, 1997, ( 3 ) :365 - 379.
7Leung, C. & Mohan, B. Teacher formative assessment and talk in classroom contexts:Assessment as discourse and assessment of dis- course [ J ]. Language Testing,2004, (3) :335 - 359.