中国山楂属植物资源研究和利用现状

Current status of exploitation and application of Hawthorn genus (Crataegus spp.) resources in China

山楂属(Crataegus spp.)植物是重要的果树种质资源。近年来,许多学者通过收集全国各地的山楂种质资源并建立保存圃或引种圃等,主要采用植物学性状和生物学性状对山楂种质资源进行评价和鉴定,编制了《山楂种质资源描述规范和数据标准》;采用过氧化物同工酶酶谱及RAPD、ISSR、SSR、cpDNA PCR-RFLP及cpSSR等分子标记技术对山楂种质资源分类、遗传多样性和种质创新利用进行研究,并取得了一定的成果。今后,需继续采用各种分子标记技术,加强对山楂种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,并从叶绿体DNA分子水平上对山楂属植物进行叶绿体基因组多态性研究,探讨山楂属植物系统进化、分类和传播路线,指导我国山楂种质资源收集、鉴定、评价和创新利用,从而为山楂核心种质构建、叶绿体基因组功能和遗传工程研究奠定基础。此外,还需加强对山楂多倍体育种研究,并加强具有特殊医用保健功效、生态适应性广、丰产性强、品质优良、经济效益高、易加工等山楂品种的选育。

Crataegus spp. plants are one of the most important germplasm resources of fruit trees in China. In recent years, a lot of Hawthorn germplasm waterials were collected from all over the country, and preserved in conservation nurseries. These germplasm resources were evaluated and identified on the basis of morphological and agronomical characteristics, and the Description and Data Standard for Hawthorn （Crataegus spp.） have been worked out. Many physio-biochemical and molecular techniques, viz., peroxidase isozyme zymogram, RAPD, ISSR, cpDNA PCR-RFLP and cpSSR, etc., have been used to classify them and to study the genetic diversity for innovative application of Hawthorn germplasm resources. Future studies must be concentrated upon use of modern molecular marker techniques to study and to understand the phyletic evolution, classification, genetic diversities and polymorphism amongst Hawthorn germplasm resources, which will help in constructing the genetic database of core germplasm and will facilitate the genetic engineering researches. Further, suggestions have been given to strengthen the polyploidy breeding and the breeding of Hawthorn varieties with special reference to its medical role in health care, wide ecological adaptability, strong fertility, fine quality in order to make use of this important plant species.