剑与十字架——人文视域下马克思主义与基督教之比较

The Sword and Cross:A Comparative Study on Marxism and Christianity Within the Humanistic Field of Vision

作为经典的人文思想,马克思主义与基督教之间有着明显的差异,前者是人类解放的革命理论,后者是人类宗教信仰的历史成果。前者是无神论的世界观,后者是有神论的创造说。前者体现了无产阶级的意识形态,后者掩盖着资产阶级的价值观念。但就人文关怀而言,两者又有着共同性。具体来说,在理想社会、人类福祉、博爱精神、公正秩序和自由权利等方面两者有着相通性和共同性。在此基础上,立足于当代中国构建"以人为本"的和谐社会的历史进程,强调两者在人文思想和人文关怀上的互助性关系和影响具有不可忽视的时代意义和实践特色。一方面,马克思主义以对人类现世的幸福理想的革命性追求可以填补基督教以对人类来世的天堂之国的遥远企求而形成的虚空,以坚实的行动来刷新软弱的救赎。另一方面,基督教的原罪观所确立的人类能力的有限性和人性的不完善性可提醒马克思主义在理想中应对人类理性有着冷静的把握,防止盲目冒进,以谦柔虔诚来不断渐近完美完善的理想社会。由此,行动融合信仰,以行动来确保"以人为本"的现实利益,以信仰来引导"以人为本"的精神追求。求同存异、共谋福祉、合作互助被视为马克思主义与基督教在人文思想上的携手前行的具体方式,也是提升和谐社会建设的拓新举措。

As a classic humanistic thinking,Marxism has an obvious difference from Christianity.While the former,a revolutionary theory about human emancipation,and a world-view of atheism,embodies the ideology of proletariate,the latter,being considered as the historical achievement of human religious faith and the creation theory of theism,covers up the value-concept of bourgeoisie.But as far as the humanistic care is concerned,both have an intercommunity.In detail,both are common and interlinked in such aspects as the ideal society,the human welfare,the philanthropic spirit,the fair order and the free right.Based on this,and being established in the historical process of China＇ s construction of the harmonious society of the people-oriented,this essay gives an emphasis on their mutual-aid relationship in the aspects of humanistic thinking and humanistic care,which possesses a beyond-neglect significance in practice.On the one hand,Marxist revolutionary pursue for the happy ideal of the present society can fill a void in Christian seeking for the distant paradise of human afterlife and renovate the feeble salvation by solid activity;and on the other hand,the human limited ability and humanistic faultiness,which are established by Christian original sin,can wake the Marxist in prudently holding human rationality for seeking ideal,preventing him from rash advance,and,by way of modest piety,makes a constant approach to the perfect ideal society,thus ensuring the realistic benefit of the people oriented,and guiding the pursue for the people-oriented spirit.The principle of seeking common ground,co-operation and mutual aid can be thought as the concrete mode in humanistic thoughts by which Marxism and Christianity go ahead together,and also as the new measure of strengthening the construction of the harmonious society.