试析康德由道德哲学向宗教信仰的过渡

Analysis of Kant's Transition from Moral Philosophy to Belief of Religion

康德的宗教观与他的道德哲学直接相关,同时与他的理性批判哲学体系一脉相承。上帝在理论理性中作为超验的理念具有消极的意义,而在实践理性中却是必要的悬设。因为人作为有限的理性存在者,必然寻求自然的幸福与自由的道德相结合的至善,同时又会因为不合理的自然欲望而产生恶,因此需要超越于人之上的完满的上帝来作为至善的化身和公正的裁判者。康德正是出于实践理性的需要而导向对上帝的信仰,并从实践理性出发来论证宗教何以能够存在以及应该怎样存在的问题。

Kant's religious view has direct connection with his moral philosophy,and is interconnected with his critic system of reason.In theoretical reason,God just has the negative sense as a transcendental idea.However,God is a necessary presupposition in practical reason.As a limitedly rational being,human searches for the ideal supreme good that is the integration of natural happiness and free morality.But human also produces vice when he pursues irrational desire.So we need the God who is beyond human as the embodiment of supreme good and the fair judge.Kant bases his opinion on the practical reason and leads to belief of God.And at the ground of practical reason,he demonstrates why religion could exist and how it should be.