语言类型学视野下的时间状语考察——可别度与时间状语标记的蕴含关系

A Typological Study of Time Adverbial: An Implicational Universal of Its Identifiability and Marks

时间状语是各语言中常见的一种状语,其表示的时间范围有大小的区分,即有可别度大小的区别。不同语言中的时间状语经常带有不同类型的标记来显性标示其句法功能,常见的时间状语标记有零标记、词汇标记、形态标记,以及词汇标记加形态标记等四种类型。时间状语的可别度与标记的使用之间有着某种蕴含关系,从语言类型学的角度来看,这一蕴含关系实际上反映的是语言中的一种蕴含共性,即当两个有可别度大小区分,且可充当时间状语的两个语言单位在同一结构中共现时,如果可别度大的语言单位带状语标记的话,那么可别度小的语言单位也带状语标记。

The time span denoted by time adverbial in language varies, that is, it differs in the degree of identifiability. In different languages, different types of marks can be attached to time adverbial to show its syntactic function explicitly. Four types of common marks of time adverbial can be identified, namely, zero mark, lexical mark, morphological mark and lexical-morphalogical mark. In the study an implicational relation is discovered between the degree of identifiability of time adverbial and the use of its marks. From the linguistic typological point of view, this implicational relation reveals an implicational universal, that is, when two time adverbials appear in one structure, and they are of different degrees of identifiability, if the the one with a higher degree of identifiability tend to be used together with a mark, then the one with a lower degree of identifiability is used together with a mark.