黄土旱塬长期施肥对小麦连作土壤养分和水分的影响

Effects of long-term fertilization on soil water and nutrient with Triticum aestivum L.succession in dryland of Loess Plateau

利用长期定位实验,在黄土高原旱地研究不同施肥下小麦连作22年后土壤养分及水分的变化状况,为合理利用水肥资源提供参考。在对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、单施有机肥(M)、氮磷化肥配施(NP)、氮磷化肥与有机肥配施(NPM)6个不同长期施肥处理中,测定耕层(0～20 cm)土壤的基础养分和土壤剖面(0～300cm)含水量、储水量。结果表明:1)M比CK的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾质量分数分别增加55.44%、45.24%、29.63%、67.16%、186.96%和123.65%,NPM配施比CK的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾质量分数分别增加65.67%、50.00%、40.74%、72.37%、324.58%和191.17%。2)NPM、M、P、CK、N和NP耕层含水量分别为18.19%、17.99%、17.66%、17.42%、16.96%和16.29%;NPM、M、NP土壤剖面含水量变化趋势相似。3)P、CK、N、NP、M和NPM处理,0～300 cm土壤储水量分别为666.73、656.23、629.41、536.88、504.26和488.47 mm,P处理土壤储水量比CK增加1.60%,而N、NP、M、NPM土壤储水量比CK分别减少4.09%、18.19%、23.16%、25.56%。因此,长期单施有机肥、有机肥与化肥配施能增加耕层土壤各养分和水分含量,而0～300 cm土壤储水量却显著降低。

Abstract To provide reference for reasonable use of water and fertilizer resources in dry-land of Loess Plateau,the study on the change of soil nutrient and water was conducted under the condition of 22-year Triticum aestivum L. succession based on the long-term fertilizer experiment. The six treatments were no fertilizer （CK） , nitrogen fertilizer （N） , phosphate fertilizer （P） , manure fertilizer （M） , nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers （NP）, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers with manure （NPM）. Nutrient in tilth soils （0 -20 cm） , and water contents and water storage in soil profiles （0 -300 cm） were measured. The results showed that for the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total P, available N, available P, and available K in tilth soils, they increased by 55.44% , 45.24% , 29.63% , 67.16% , 186.96% and 123.65% , respectively, after long-time M application. For contents of soil organ matter, total N, total P, available N, available P, and available K in tilth soils, they increased by 65.67% , 50.00%, 40.74% , 72.37% , 324.58% and 191.17% , respectively, after long-time NPM application. The water contents in tilth soils were 18.19% , 17.99% , 17.66% , 17.42% , 16.96% and 16.29% after longtime NPM, M, P, CK, N and NP treatments, respectively. The distribution characteristics of water contents in soil profile were similar for long-time NPM, M and NP treatments. The water storage of 0 -300 cm soil layers were 666.73, 656.23, 629.41 , 536. 88, 504.26 and 488.47 mm in the P, CK, N, NP, M and NPM treatments, respectively. Compared to the CK, the wate storage in the P treatment increased by 1.60% , but decreased by 4.09% in the N treatment, 18.19% in the NP treatment, 23. 16% in the M treatment and 25.56% in the NPM treatment. The long-term application of single manure and chemical fertilizer combined with manure could increase nutrient and water contents in tilth soils. The water storage in 0 - 300 cm soil layers significantly decreased by the long-term application of single manure and chemical fertilizer combined with manure.