清季三司兩道改制

The System Reform of Sansi Liangdao in the End of Qing Period

清末仿行宪政，由皇朝体制转为立宪官制，内外相维的设制须相应改为上下贯注。作为清代省一级行政主体的司道，是理顺上下关系的重要关节。受制於财政困窘及内外官制改革不同步，司道改制最终放弃了全盘更新的方案，改为旧制框架内进行调整，设置三司两道。尽管司道改制类型不同、各地进展不一，却均以归并局所、裁撤旧官为基础，实行分科治事，逐渐推进政体变革，扩展了社会职能，成为民初省级行政架构的雏形。

When the Qing dynasty imitated to practice the constitutionalism,the imperial system was transformed to constitutional bureaucracy.The Si (司)and Dao(道),as the provincial administrative organ at that time,was the crucial joint to straighten the relationship between the upper and lower.Subject to the financial difficulties and the unsuccessful bureaucracy reform,the overall restructuring program for it was finally given up and instead the system of Sansi Liangdao was established as the adjustment made within the old framework.The changes in different areas were of different types and in different paces,but they were all based on the merge of bureaus and cut-down of old officials.Specific departments were set for different affairs,regime changes were promoted gradually,and social functions were widely expanded,and it later became the prototype of provincial administrative structure in the early time of Republic of China.