20年来汉藏语系的语言类型学研究

Typological Studies of the Sino-Tibetan Language Family

汉语和少数民族语言之间的比较、不同少数民族语言之间的比较是汉藏语类型学研究的重要内容。20年来汉藏语系语言类型学研究的经验主要是:必须区分亲属型语言比较和非亲属型语言比较;亲属语言的类型学比较必须区分语言现象的同源关系和非同源关系;必须重视系统参照;必须谨慎判定语言接触现象。语言类型学研究存在对汉藏语系语言事实重视不够的弱点,导致所提取的有些类型学规则不能概括汉藏语的语言事实。汉藏语系语言中的量词问题、韵律问题、声调问题、语音和谐问题、多义分合问题等,都是未被认识、有待开垦的领域,汉藏语的类型学研究大有可为。

The comparison between the Chinese language and minority languages and among different minority languages is an important part of the typological studies of the Sino - Tibetan language family. The past twenty - year studies have proved that there should be clear distinction between related languages and unrelated languages while the comparison among the related languages should distinguish the cognate relations from the non - cognate relations and attach importance to the related parameters and language contact. The exiting weaknesses include certain negligence of some language facts, and some typological rules are not very useful. Thus, there is much room for the further studies of some lexical and phonetic problems in the Sino - Tibetan language family.