国族观念与现代国家的建构:基于近代中国的考察

The Concept of State and Nationality and the Construction of Modern State: A Study of China in Early Modern Times

现代国家建立过程发生的政治讨论伴随着对旧制度的批判,而这种批判又总是试图建构一种相异于旧制度的权利观念,并进而为持有这些权利的政治主体提供理据和政治合法性。现代国家的建构理论深刻影响了辛亥革命时期革命党人的宪政思想,期望通过"一国一族"的、以汉族为核心的国族的建构以建构民族国家。这种浓郁的种族主义不仅引发了边疆少数民族对"五族共和"的疑虑,也为帝国主义借机策动边疆少数民族上层人物"独立"提供了口实。是"五族共和"还是"五族一家",或许只是辛亥革命中的诸多问题之一,它引申出来的一个关键是世界的诸多思想在中国的实际情况下,能否站得住脚却是需要慎重检验的。或许,效法西方似乎并不一定意味着要摒弃历史遗产,但如何利用现代国家建构的政治经验来处理"自己的历史遗产"却显然是一个决定成败的重要关键点。

The process of establishing a modern state goes with the criticism of the old system and aims to construct a different concept of power and provide some theoretical foundation and political justification for its political entity. The theory of establishing a modern state exerted much influence on the revolutionaries of the Revolution of 1911 who wanted to build a nation - state with the Hans as the major group. This concept of nationalism caused suspicion among the minority groups in the borderland and induced imperialism to encourage the leaders of such minority groups to declare ＂independence. The ethnic problems in the period of the Revolution of 1911 reminded us that new ideas might not be all suitable to the actual situations of China. The learning of the West does not mean the abandonment of historical heritages but it is crucial to choose what political experience to help establish a modern state.