论古德曼反事实条件句难题

The Problem of Counterfactual Conditionals of Goodman

古德曼将反事实条件句的焦点和如何解决反事实条件句难题的构思抛向了科学哲学界和逻辑哲学界。古德曼列举诸多例证,指出经典条件句理论的不一贯性,遵循自己提出的"另辟蹊径"的信念,提出相关性、类律、投射等理论设想,试图解决反事实句难题。但是,他设想的理论因遭遇到循环论证和确证无穷的困惑,最终没有找到一条恰当地解决反事实条件句的方案。在古德曼的反实在论观点的启示下,从实在论和反实在论及其新实用主义的认识观和方法论的视角,研究反事实条件句难题产生的根源和认知的差异,将"真"和"真理"进行区分,并对古德曼提出的小说等艺术作品中的"真"的判定标准进行修订,为古德曼提出的反事实条件句难题的解决提供新思路。

Nelson Goodman is an American philosopher and logician.His idea of the counterfactual conditionals and the proposal of solving the dilemma of such sentences were suggested in the paper,which shocked both the society of the philosophy of Science and the society of philosophy of Logic.Goodman＇s idea is based on his investigation into material entailment in the field of traditional truth and classic logic.Goodman gave a lot of examples to suggest that Classic Theory is inconsistent at this point,further more,he proposed the completely new perspective of looking into the idea of truth which is quite different from the previous researches.With the aim of solving the problem,Goodman suggested a lot of theoretical suppositions such as relevance,lawlike,and projection.But his suppositions were in trouble with either the circular argument or the infinite validation,and none of them led to a proper solution.This paper probes into the problems raised by Goodman and learns the suggested solutions given by him from the perspective of Realism,Counter Realism,and New Pragmatism.By contrasting the cognitive difference in learning the origins of the problem concerning counter factual conditionals,the paper proposes the thinking about the solution to the problems of counter factual conditionals.