中小尺度生态用地规划方法

On planning method of mesoscale and microscale ecological land

生态用地指以发挥自然生态功能为主,具有重要生态系统服务功能或生态环境脆弱、生态敏感性较高的土地。它是土地利用与生态建设的直接联系,关系区域生态系统的稳定性和安全性。生态用地的研究有利于建立合理的土地利用系统,完善区域生态安全格局,促进经济社会发展与生态环境相协调。在不同尺度下,生态用地的内涵、性质、主导功能以及规划方法都有所不同,结合我国土地利用规划及城市规划的层次划分,选取市域和中心城区为研究范围,其中市域为中尺度代表范围,中心城区为小尺度代表范围,分别分析了两种尺度下生态用地的内涵及区别,提出了相应的规划方法及侧重点。定量规划方面,中心城区生态用地主要结合国家相关法规、规定、政策等确定;而市域生态用地采取借鉴法、土地利用结构数量优化方法以及情景分析三种方法综合确定。空间规划方面,城区生态用地采取分类规划方法,分别对点线面三类生态用地进行提取,主要步骤为辨识重要生态源,构建面状生态用地;结合水体和交通缓冲区,构建线状生态用地;提取关键节点,构建点状生态用地;生态用地分类。市域生态用地则采取综合规划方法,主要步骤为提取特殊生态用地、基于生态用地结构功能和生态敏感性等的生态建设重要性评价、生态用地空间提取及分类。

Land,a critically important natural resource,supports human well-being.Ecological land is defined as the land with either important ecological functions or high ecological sensitivity.It links urban land use planning and ecological construction,and further guarantees urban economic development.Therefore,it is necessary to carry out the research on ecological land planning in order to establish sustainable landuse system and to improve the regional pattern for ecological security.Concepts,characters,main functions and planning methods of ecological land vary with the different research scales.This study analysed the concepts and planning methods based on two scales： the city territory at the meso-scale and the urban area at the micro-scale.Ecological land in urban areas mainly includes urban green land and water.And in city territory it includes much more diverse types of land such as natural reserves,forest,grassland,water body,water and traffic buffers,unused land and so forth.Ecological land plays different roles at the two scales.Its most important ecosystem services are recreation and culture,regulating services and disaster evacuation in urban areas,while in the city territory the services of climate regulating,waste treatment,soil and water conservation,erosion control,bio-diversity protection are paid more attention.In urban areas,the quantity of ecological land mostly depends on relevant laws,regulations and standards,such as ＂The Control Regulations Over City Green Line＂ and ＂The Control Regulations Over City Blue Line＂.In city territory,it could be planned by the following methods： fixing the proportion of ecological land with reference to other cities＇ experiences（analogy method）,utilizing mathematical optimization models of landuse structures,and scenario analysis based on the comprehensive evaluation of ecological importance.In urban areas,the spatial arrangement of ecological land included 4 main steps.Step 1,important ecological sources were identified and surface ecological land was established;Step 2,linear ecological land was established based on water and traffic land buffers;Step 3,key nodes were extracted and thus point-shaped ecological land was identified;Step 4,all ecological land was classified.In the city territory,the spatial pattern of ecological land was arranged by more comprehensive methods.First,special ecological land was extracted,such as natural reserves,water body,water and traffic buffers.Second,a comprehensive evaluation of ecological importance was carried out,which included ecological function importance evaluation and ecological sensitivity evaluation.Third,ecological land was extracted by the application of ArcGIS.At last,the ecological land was classified according to ecological functions′ relative importance.In accordance with the planning results and relevant policies,the suggestions for planning and management of different types of ecological land were proposed.Ecological land planning is a process involving systematicity and complexity of social,economic and ecological factors.The ultimate goal of it is to fix the character,the quantity and the spatial pattern of the ecological land.But so far,it is hard to implement it accurately.It will play an important role on the research of ecological land planning to combine the landuse structure optimization model with the spatial structure optimization model.