论意愿论及其普遍有效性——关于道德判断根据的考察之四

On Theory of Will and Its Universal Validity:Fourth Survey on Basis of Moral Judgment

意愿论将应事者的意愿作为道德判断的最终根据,其经典表述是"己所不欲,勿施于人"。只要尊重应事者的意愿,即不强迫应事者,就能保证应事者的利益与交往整体的利益都不减少,则施事行为就不是不道德的,因此,意愿论有助于增进人类福利。由于"己所不欲,勿施于人"可以分别作为一阶规则、二阶规则与三阶规则来使用,分别处理交往中的单个事件、一类事件与规则,这使意愿论具有普遍有效性。意愿论兼具动机论、效果论与规则论之优点,且能规避三者之不足。

The theory of will takes the will of the person concerned as the ultimate basis of moral judgment,and its classic formulation is'Don’t make others do things you don’t want to do.'As long as the will of the person concerned is respected,i.e.he or she is not in the forced situation,the interests of both the person concerned and the whole he or she contacts are not reduced,that is,the illocutionary act is not immoral.The theory of will,therefore,contributes to enhancing the welfare of human beings.Due to the factthat'Don’tmake others do things you don’twantto do.'can serve as first-order regulation,second-order regulation and third-order regulation respectively,they can accordingly tackle an individual event,things of the same species as well as regulation,which enables the theory of will to possess universal validity.Besides,the theory of will not only combines the merits of the theory of motivation,the theory of effect and the theory of regulation,but also avoids the shortcomings of the three.