副词“流水”的语法化及其发展

The Grammaticalization and Evolution of the Adverb Liushui (流水)

副词"流水"至迟在明代就已经产生,在明清白话小说中多有使用,并一直沿用到某些现代汉语方言中。它的语法化过程大致是:1.在隐喻认知的作用下,"流水"用作喻体,与比拟词一起充当谓语;2."流水"与其前或其后的比拟词组合而成的"流水"结构出现在谓语动词前充当状语;3.由于"流水"的比喻义成为常用义,或出于格律、韵律等因素的限制,比拟词经常缺省;4.在频率原则的作用下,"流水"临时性的比喻义凝固成为固定义,副词"流水"正式形成。在这个过程中,比喻句的使用至关重要,它是"流水"结构能够自由地充当谓语或状语的前提。修辞在汉语实词语法化过程中的作用还有待作更深入的研究。

The adverb liushui(流水) arose no later than Ming dynasty.It had greatly been used in the vernacular fictions of Ming and Qing dynasties and has been used in some modern Chinese dialects.Its possible grammaticalization process is : 1,Used as a metaphor body under the effect of metaphorical cognition,liushui and its analogy word served as a predicate;2,Liushui and its analogy word appeared before the predicate verb;3,As the metaphorical meaning of liushui became a common sense,for rhyme and rhythm restrictions,the analogy word was often omitted;4,According to the frequency principle,the temporary metaphorical meaning of liushui turned a fixed sense,which meant that the adverb liushui was officially formed.In this process,the use of the analogy rhetoric is essential,and it is a prerequisite for the liushui structure's being free to act as a predicate or adverbial premise.The rhetoric's role in the grammaticalization process of Chinese functional words needs more in-depth studies.