近代俄国的历史观念与国族意识——以历史学家米留可夫为例

Historical Ideas and National Consciousness in Modern Russia——A Case Study on P.N.Miliukov

俄罗斯随历史发展成为领土辽阔的庞大国家。随时间与空间的延续,生活在其中的人竟然无法就国族文化得到共识。十九世纪的知识阶层独立于政权之外展开社会自发的国族论述。从早期斯拉夫派与西方派的国族本质辩论,到革命前政治意识型态之争,国家历史是知识分子最重要论述依据。历史学家应能发挥专业长才,贡献于审视国族文化,却又往往被视为与知识阶层隔绝。本文以莫斯科学派的米留可夫为例,探究历史学家的国族观念。米留可夫无法认同长期受浪漫主义唯心哲学主导的俄国社会思想,主张经验历史的重要,如此才能建立正确的历史知识,找到真正的国族文化。他希望用客观的方法替代过去以人类精神为主体的理论架构,因此为俄国历史学和国族论述添上了新的一页。

Russia has geographically developed into a big country with a vast territory, but the people on this land failed to reach the consensus on the national euhure. The Russian intellectuals in the 19th century spontaneously discussed the national culture. From the early debate on national essence between Slav school and Western school to the dispute on political ideology before revolution, the intellectuals always used national history knowledge to support their argument. Historians can contribute a lot to the national culture investigation by their professional knowledge, but they are often blamed for being isolated from intellectual circle. The paper probes into historians＇ views of national culture by the study of P. N. Miliukov as a case. By trying to replace the theory mainly based on idealist subjectivity with the objectivity and experience pursuing methods, Miliukov added something new to the Russian historiography and the discussion of national culture.