食与权:“大跃进”时期粮食流转体制的研究 以贵州省北洁地区为例

Food and Entitlement: A Case Study of the Grain Circulation System during the Great Leap Forward Period in Beijie District,Guizhou Province

基于作者对贵州省北洁地区"大跃进"时期粮食管理体制和粮食生产、分配的考察,本文认为,"大跃进"时期的粮食体制是一个"大权在中央,小权在省,地区以下照章办事"的制度,其核心内容是以高额购销基数为基础的五年粮食包干制度。这一时期的粮食高征购正是源于高额征购基数,高额基数的制定又源于对粮食总产的过高估计。在粮食减产的背景下,过度征购就不可避免。尽管在"大购"之后还有"大销",但"大销"不是"足销",因为在"粮食分级索取权格局"下,大量粮食外调造成地区粮食库存不足,饥荒由此而生。

According to the analysis of the grain administration, production and distribution systems of Beijie district, Guizhou province, during the Great Leap Forward period, the grain system as a whole was characteristic of ＂big decision-making power in the central government; minor decision-making power in the provincial governments; and obedience from the governments at the regional district levels and below＂ with the five-year grain lump work policy （1958- 1963） that was based on the high basic quotas of 1957 as its core. The high procurement quotas during that period was a result of the high basic quotas of the five-year grain lump work policy, which was the outcome of the exaggerated, overestimated total of grain production. When the total grain production fell, an excessive procurement was inevitable. Though the huge procurement was bound to have huge sales, yet huge sales were not complete sales because, under the ranking system of grain distribution, exportation of grain in large quantities resulted in a shortage of grain reservation at local levels, which finally led to the Great Famine.