《论语》词语考释五则

An Interpretation of Several Words in Analects of Confucius

以传统小学结合现代语言学,以解决古籍中的疑难问题,是解决古书疑难问题的康庄大道。本文为用此方法解决《论语》疑难词语的若干例子。《为政篇》之"父母唯其疾之忧"是父母忧孝子之意;因为《论语》时代的语料中,"主语+用代词复指的宾语前置句",其主语全都是施事主语,未见一例是受事主语。《八佾篇》之"其如示诸斯乎"的"示"是"指示"之意,而非假借为"置";"示"和"置"带宾语的情况表明"示"如字读较为恰当。《里仁篇》之"劳而不怨"的"劳"是"勤苦"之意而非"忧"意,因为那时"劳"并无"忧"的义位。《雍也篇》之"则吾必在汶上矣","汶上"为汶水两岸而非汶水之北,先秦典籍中凡言某水上均指该水两岸。《子罕篇》之"空空如也"的"空空"是叠音形容词而非形容词叠用,即是所谓连绵词,同"悾悾",而非"什么都没有";因为形容词叠用的语法形式表达程度加深的语法意义,在《论语》时代是罕见的。

It is a broad avenue to the problem in ancient books to use a method of combing modern linguistics with traditional linguistics.Just by doing so,this essay gives an interpretation of several difficult words in Analects of Confucius.Since,in the times of the Analects of Confucius,people used active subject instead of passive subject,＂父母唯其疾之忧＂in Chapter 2 means that ＂parents are anxious lest their children should be sick＂.In the same way,for ＂其如示诸斯乎＂ in Chapter 3,there is a ＂示＂ that means ＂indicate＂ instead of ＂place＂ as a loanword.What＇s more,for ＂劳而不怨＂ in Chapter 4,＂劳＂signifies ＂hardship＂ instead of ＂worry＂,because,at that time,there was no entry for ＂worry＂ in the meaning of＂劳＂.While,for＂则吾必 在汶上矣＂in Chapter 6,＂汶上＂indicates ＂both banks of the Wen River＂ instead of ＂north of the Wen River＂,＂空空＂in Chapter 9 is a reduplicated adjective instead of a repeated adjective,because,in the times of Analects of Confucius,there was hardly usage such as repeated adjective.