归义军时期敦煌僧官的选擢因素

Selection and Promotion of Dunhuang Monkish Officials during the Period of Rule by Return-to-Allegiance Army

敦煌文书中保存了许多唐宋之际的各类僧官名号,而关于僧官选拔、升迁的具体因素,不论出土文书还是传世文献都鲜见完整记载。本文从敦煌文书入手,以归义军时期的僧官为对象,初步探讨了缁流官僚的选擢因素:佛学素养、家世背景、自然寿命、法缘关系以及可能存在的群体因素,其中前两者是出任僧官基本而重要的条件。这是切合历史实际的,可以对僧官选拔的研究提供有益认识。

There are many different titles for monkish officials in the Dunhuang documents.But it is difficult to find the sufficient description of the factors that determined their selection and promotion in the extant documents as well as in the newly unearthed ones.Despite the difficulty,this paper focuses on the monkish officials in the period of rule by the Return-to-Allegiance Army,and tries to examine the factors behind their qualification for the posts.We have found that the selection and promotion of the monkish officials are determined by the following factors：their attainment in Buddhism,family background,life span,academic pedigree and possible social affiliations.Among these,the former two are the most significant,which is in agreement with the historical reality at that time.We hope our studies will help researchers better understand the question at issue.