从孟、告之辨看孟子的“不动心”——兼论孟子的“心”、“气”、“言”之逻辑关系

To Undersdand the "Unmovedness" of Mencius From the Difference Between Mencius and Gaozi——Also on the Logical Relationship of Mencius's "Mind","Gas" and "Words"

孟子所说的心是指人生来就有的、与非人相区别的、以"不忍人之心"为核心、沿着"四端"向"四德"不断充扩的向善之心。孟子的不动心是指尽心知性以知天、存心养性以事天的向度不可动摇。此心虽然生而具有,但并非圆满自足,须通过意识自由和行为自觉缓慢培养,令其渐次成长,连续不断,由小到大,以止于至善。心之所向叫志,坚持此志不变,叫"持志","夫志,气之帅也,气,体之充也……志壹则动气,气壹则动志",二者互为制约,须"持其志,勿暴其气",所以孟子主张养气。告子的不动心是指接受了某种外在律令,将心托付于此,从而信念坚定,不再改变。这种外在律令缺少人性基础,往往以"言"的形式出现,是非曲直难辨,所以孟子提倡知言。知言以持志为依据,养气以至善为目标,持志为心之所向,至善为心之所成,如此,则心、言、气之关系明矣。

In Mencius＇ opinion mind refers to a good heart of continued expansion along the ＂four terminals＂to ＂four virtues＂,which is innate,different from ordinary people and considers ＂bear one＇s heart＂ as the core,while opinion ＂unmoved mind＂ refers to the dimension of the intellectual dedication to knowing the sky and the intention of raising the basis of our days can not be shaken.Although the mind is innate,but not a complete self-sufficiency,and requires an act of free and conscious awareness to rain slowly,so that it gradually grows and continues,from small to big,and to perfect.He calls the goal of heart aspiration,and calls persistent aspiration ＂hold-aspiration＂,＂help-aspiration,gas is also handsome,gas fills in the body...Zhi Yi is angry and gas One is angry＂,＂aspiration and gas are agitated＂.Both are each other＇s constraints,he requires to ＂hold his blog,not to expose their gas＂,so Mencius advocated raising gas.Gaozi is not tempted to accept some kind of external precepts,and entrusts heart there,so that conviction can be firm and can not be changed.These external precepts lack of the basis of a humanity,often appear in the form of ＂words＂,which is hard to determine right and wrong.So Mencius advocates knowing-words.Knowing-words is based on hold-aspiration,raising gas is the goal for good,hold-aspiration is for the mind,charity is the perfection of the mind.Therefore the relationship among ＂Mind＂,＂Gas＂and ＂Words＂is clear.