尼采对现代性道德的批判及其意义

Nietzsche's Criticism of Modern Morality and the Significance of His Criticism

尼采对现代性道德的批判,主要是立足于人的生命的原本活力及其能达的美好境界这一生存价值论维度,揭示其倡导舒适平庸而贬抑个性创新。尼采认为,现代社会的舒适功利主义、均质平等主义、低俗利他主义、抽象的普遍主义等道德观念的错误在于:盲目人的生命丰富性和超越性,消解人的独立而充盈的个性,损害卓越个体的达成和社会整体的发展,否定感性生命世界的原创性和多样性。尼采的批判开启了后世对大众精神深入的哲学文化学探究,拒斥了将人的价值完全客体化的现代规训主义,提升了人们对道德价值合理性的辨析判断能力,维护了个性化创新和超越的价值和意义。尼采的局限在于离开人的社会生产性和交互主体性来理解现代性道德,没有发现其历史合理性。

Nietzsche＇s criticism of modern morality is based on his understanding of the original dynamic and tremendous potential of life. This theory of the value of existence reveals the essence of modern morality--- advocating comfort and mediocrity, and depreciating individuality and creativity. According to Nietzsche, modern morality has several defects： its utilitarianism is blind to the rich diversity and supreme force of life, therefore, hinders the integrate and harmonious creativity of human beings; its uniform equalitarianism denies the uniqueness of individuals and the differential selecting order, thus impairs the accomplishment of excellent individuals and the whole development of society.; its vulgar altruism neglects the true self and individual fulfillment, hence, is far away from the creativeness and edification of life; its abstract universalism upholds the sovereignty and general applicability of limited reason, thus, eliminates the diversity of a world full of lives and the elementary originality. Nietzsche＇s criticism inaugurates a deep and consistent philosophical and cultural investigation on modern thoughts, forcibly refutes modern objectifying of human value, improves people＇s discriminating ability on moral value, and defends the individual creativity and transcendent values. The drawback of Nietzsche＇s criticism is that it interprets modem morality without taking account of human social productivity and reciprocal subjectivity and ignores the historical significance of modern morality.