木主考——到朱子学为止

A Study of "Muzhu" before the Emergence of Zhu Neo-Confucianism

"木主"即祭祀仪式中所设的牌位,它在中国的祭祀传统中颇受重视。本文旨在探讨木主形式的历史变迁问题,将考察范围限定在宋代朱子学出现之前的历史阶段。本文主要考察三点:1.由汉至唐中国古代木主形式的三种主要类型:正方体、前方后圆型、长方体;2.自晋代以来开始在士人阶层流行的作为木主之替代物的神版形式及其制作方法等问题;3.木主及神版在东亚的李氏朝鲜及江户日本的流传情况。文章最后指出,木主设置作为祭祀行为的重要一环,不仅在中国而且在东亚的儒教仪礼实践中亦有重大影响。

'Muzhu',the tablet used in the sacrificial ceremony,plays an important role in the Chinese sacrificial rite.The paper gives a historical study of 'Muzhu' before the emergence of Zhu Neo-Confucianism in the Song dynasty and focuses on three aspects: 1.The three types of 'Muzgu' from the Han dynasty to the Tang dynasty,cubic,rectangular,and square at the front and round at the back.2.The worship tablet that replaced 'Muzhu' and popular with the scholars since the Jin dynasty and its manufacturing skills.3.'Muzhu' and the worship tablet in East Asia,especially in Korea(1392-1910) and in Japan(1603-1867).It is concluded that 'Muzhu' as a key element in such sacrificial ceremony played a very important role in China and in East Asia.