河南内黄三杨庄农田遗迹与两汉铁犁

Field Site at Sanyang Village in Neihuang Courty of Henan Province and the Iron Plough in Han Dynasty

2005年,河南内黄县三杨庄出土了西汉晚期到东汉初期的庭院、田垄遗迹和大铁犁等,田垄是汉代的代田形式,大铁犁正是耕作代田的工具。以前有人复制汉代大铁犁进行试耕,其结果与三杨庄的汉代的田垄形式和宽度正相吻合。而《盐铁论.水旱篇》所说的"大器"就是包括三杨庄这样的大铁犁在内的全铁犁。"大器"不单是从器形的大小来说的,也针对当时农户胜任牛耕的经济条件(主要是牛)。汉政府实行盐铁官营政策,铁官所属铁工场的生产计划往往不顾及广大农民的农耕条件,生产相对过剩了,这因此成为《盐铁论》所述贤良攻击官方铸器"不给民用"的依据。

Some courtyard sites, traces of field ridges and big iron ploughs of the Han Dynasty were found at Sanyang Village in Neihuang county, Henan province, in 2005. The field ridge is one form of cultivation method in the West Handy nasty, and it was formed by the big iron ploughs like those unearthed from Sanyang Village according to the plowing expcri ment of recovery in the past. The ＂big ironware＂, which is mentioned in Discourses on Salt and Iron, a document of the West Han Dynasty, refers to whole iron plough, and it includes the oversized kind. Since the Han Government monopolized the management right of salt and iron nationwide, the production plan of the official iron workshop often refuses to consider the practical farming conditions of the peasants＇, such as the relative shortage of the farm cattle. On this account, the management policy was then attacked by the talents and virtuous.