配享功臣:盖棺未必论定——略说宋朝官方的历史人物评价操作

On the System of Peixiang(配享):A Discussion of Official Evaluation on Historical Figures in Song Dynasty

宋代不同于以往的时代。至高无上的皇权逐渐向象征化转变,前所未有地崛起的士大夫阶层对政治形成全面的主宰。与皇帝共治天下、分享权力的士大夫,也必然会产生树立自己政治偶像的需求。本文将迄今为止不大为研究者所注目的宋代功臣配享制度置于彼时彼处的政治背景之下,考察了功臣配享的曲折反复。宋代的功臣配享,伴随着士大夫政治的发展,也从文武搭配逐渐形成文臣独占。此外,宋朝配享议案出于翰苑的惯例,也表明配享功臣的话语权处于士大夫精英的掌握之中。功臣配享,反映的是当时朝廷官方的历史人物评价。其代表性往往被当时和后世所质疑。后来的撤换反复,反映了时过境迁的政治变化所带来的评价标准的变化。而后世的认知不同则是历史的时间差所带来的差异。

This paper attempts to investigate the system of Peixiang（配享,ministers with great achievements to be offered sacrifices at imperial temple）in the Song Dynasty.The imperial power changed a lot in Song Dynasty which embodied in scholar-bureaucrats＇ overall domination of politics.The object of Peixiang awarded to ministers with great achievements also changed from combination of the civil and military to the monopoly of civil officials with the development of scholar-bureaucrat politics.The discourse power of Peixiang,which reflected the official evaluation on historical figures,lies in the hands of the scholar-bureaucrat elites,and the representativeness was queried by the people of both at that time and later ages.