从积极和平到消极和平——满洲危机与美国和平运动的转折(1931-1933)

From Positive Peace to Passive Peace:Manchurian Crisis as a Turning Point of Modern American Peace Movement (1931-1933)

九·一八事变后,美国的和平团体试图通过一战后建立的国际和平机制来维护远东的和平。他们要求美国政府与国联合作援引国际公约,利用世界舆论的谴责以及联合制裁的方式遏制日本侵略者。但最终的事实证明,和平机制根本无力阻止日本的侵略和维护远东的和平,国联和国际和平条约的公信力也因而丧失殆尽。在满洲危机的沉重打击下,美国和平运动的主流理念逐渐从维护世界和平退缩到固守本土安全,从支持国际合作转向坚守严格中立。满洲危机导致美国和平运动的目标发生了重大转折,即从建立积极的和平转向追求消极的和平。

After the September 18 Incident, the peace groups of America attempted to preserve the peace of the Far East by using the international peace machinery established after the World War I. They required American government to cooperate with the League of Nations to invoke the Kellogg-Briand Pact, mobilize the world opinion and use collective sanctions against the Japanese invader. However, the fact is that the peace machinery could either stop the invasion of Japan or safeguard the peace of the Far East. Therefore, the League of Nations and international peace pact had lost their credibility dramatically. Under the strike of the Manchurian Crisis, the main stream of American peace movement gradually shifted from maintaining the world peace to keeping their own safety, from advocating international cooperation to adhering to strict neutrality. As the result of Manchurian Crisis, the objective of American peace movement had been changed significantly from building positive peace to pursuing passive peace.