殊途同归善与人同:张謇与熊希龄慈善事业之比较

Reaching the Same Goal by Different Routes and in Company with Goodness:A Comparison Study between Zhang Jian and Xiong Xiling's Philanthropy

张謇和熊希龄是中国近代慈善事业发展史上两位有着重大贡献的著名慈善家。清末民初,他们所从事的各项慈善活动构成了中国慈善事业由传统向近代嬗变进程中的重要一环。通过比较二人慈善思想与活动,可以发现,张、熊都主张以工代赈,重视积极救济的慈善救助方式;都重视慈善教育,并办有相当规模的慈幼机构;都取得相当实效,赢得社会上的广泛赞誉。当然,由于个人经历与社会生活环境的不同,他们也存在着慈善动机、慈善活动范围及影响、慈善资金来源、慈善与宗教关系等方面的差异。这些异同,恰好说明慈善行为亦可殊途同归,善与人同,并由此折射出近代慈善事业发展进程的多元图景。

Zhang Jian and Xiong Xiling are two well-known philanthropists who had important contributions to the development of philanthropy in the history of modern China.At the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of PRC,their charitable activities constitute an important part of the process of Chinese philanthropy evolution from traditional to modern.By comparing Zhang and Xiong＇s charitable thought and activity,it can be found that they advocated provides work as a form of relief and intentioned to be given charitable relief aid approach;At the same time,they attached importance to charitable education and operated a considerable scale foundling institutions.At last,they achieved considerable results and won wide acclaim from the community.Of course,because of personal experience and different social environment,they also had some differences,such as charitable motivation,charitable sphere of action and influence,charitable sources of fund,charity and religious relations.These similarities and differences exactly show that the good works may also reach the same goal by different approaches and in company with goodness and thus reflects the development process of modern philanthropy diverse picture.