21世纪东亚城乡转型管理

Managing the Rural-Urban Transformation in East Asia in the 21st Century

过去30年，在亚洲各国所推行的宏观发展战略影响下，东亚的城乡转型历程颇具特点，本文首先对这些特点进行了归纳。尽管东亚各国一直都表示重视乡村地区发展，关注粮食安全以及农村贫困等问题，然而实际推行的战略性政策却都强调将城市化作为发展经济的主要手段。当然，这一倾向有其经济上的合理性，规模经济、城市大市场的形成以及生产率提高等原因使城市在经济增长中占据了关键性地位。本文认为此种发展路径错误地将城乡割裂开来。事实上，发展应该致力于加强城乡之间的联系，促进社会的全面转型，而非放任城、乡在割裂状态下各自“变迁”。实证研究方面，本文详细分析了中国的转型历程，之所以选择中国是因其在人口规模、市场化以及管理城乡转型的制度能力等多方面均具有重要的案例价值。文章最后指出，要管理21世纪的城乡转型，必须重视空间属性。传统的城乡二分法必须转换为更加综合与协调的规划策略——以可持续发展的管理策略统筹考虑城市和乡村的各类活动。通过生态系统这一概念框架将城市和乡村活动统摄起来，最终目标是创造出可持续的都市区、城市及社会。

This article explores the special features of the rural-urban transformation in East Asia in the last 30 years within the broader context of the development strategies of Asian governments. Despite an ongoing commitment to the rhetoric of concern with rural development, food security and the alleviation of rural poverty, these policies have emphasised the important role of urbanisation as the prime process influencing economic growth. This is supported by the eco- nomic argument that the economies of scale, the creation of mass urban markets and the higher productivity that occur in urban places make them crucial to development. This paper argues that this approach creates a false dichotomy between rural and urban areas, whereas development should aim to increase the linkages between rural and urban areas aimed at producing societal transformations rather than separate rural and urban transitions. The paper then explores the empirical evidence of rural-urban transitions in East Asia with a more detailed case study of China, which is considered to be a crucial example because of the size of its population, the special conditions of market socialism and its institutional capacity to manage the rural-urban transformation. The final section focuses on the importance of developing spatial se sitinity to the management of the ruralurban transformation in the 21st century. Old divisions between rural and urban sectors must be replaced by planning that integrates urban and rural activities so that they adopt sustainable management strategies which utilise concepts of ecosystems in which rural and urban activities are linked, so as to create sustainable urban regions, cities and societies.