近代避暑地华人自治管理探析——以北戴河海滨公益会为例

Probe into the Autonomous Management of Summer Resorts by the Chinese in Modern History——A Case Study of Peitaiho Seaside Public Interest Association

在近代诸多避暑地中,华人自治管理最为成功的当属北戴河海滨公益会。对北戴河海滨公益会资源获得与使用进行量化分析,可以发现,北戴河海滨公益会资源募集渠道较为广泛,包括政府补助、会员及其他机构捐助、附加捐与经营收入等多种方式;在资源的使用方面,海滨公益会通过统一规划、专业运作,以筑路为要举,并致力于海滨景区保护、建设与管理,发展海滨卫生、教育及文化事业,从而做到管理成效显著。显然,北戴河海滨公益会的成功运作主要在于获得了政府的大力支持,专业人士朱启钤则在其中起着灵魂作用,公益会会员及社会各界也积极襄助。由于近代避暑地华洋杂处,中外政治形势复杂敏感,作为自治组织,海滨公益会也有许多困难难以克服。如行政权限过低,难以对外侨实施有效管理;资金来源不稳定,行政权力过于狭窄,难以实现景区可持续发展;复杂的外交环境下,自治组织难以维护海滨民生。

Peitaiho Seaside Public Interest Association belongs to the most successful of the Chinese autonomous management among so many summer resorts in modern history.As a study,the present paper reviews its organization function and benefit,analyses its reasons for success,and probes into the difficulties of Chinese autonomous management of summer resorts on the complicated background,in order to deepen the study on vacation tourism history in modern history.The author finds that there are different resources from government subsidy,from the donation by its members and other organizations,from addional taxes and operation income and so on.For the utilization of the resources,through consolidated programming,specified operation,based on road construction,devoted to seaside resorts protection,development and management,Peitaiho Seaside Public Interest Association expanded seaside sanitation,education and culture with prominent effect.In Sum,the successful operation of it mainly lay in the support from the government,with expert Zhu Qiqing as the key role in it,and assistance from its members and different organizations.However,because of the mixture of Chinese and foreign residents in summer resorts,and the complicated and sensitive political situation,it met a lot of difficulties which couldn＇t be overcome,such as lower and narrower administration power,ineffective management over the foreigners,unstable fund source,so that it was hard for such an autonomous organiztion to keep the persistent development of the seaside resorts and the maintenance of the people＇s life there.