江苏省农村公共食堂的历史考察

An Investigation on the History of the Countryside Public Canteen in Jiangsu Province

农村公共食堂是"大跃进"和人民公社化运动中极"左"思潮的产物,是人民公社供给制的载体。从1958年下半年到1961年5月,它在"吃饭不要钱"等天堂般的宣传和政治高压下一哄而起,适应了"组织军事化、行动战斗化、生活集体化"的"大跃进"需要,但很快就出现难以为继而加以调整,由领导人的偏爱和一意孤行而强行恢复,并得以苟延残喘,后又由大兴调查研究等实事求是之风而一哄而散,给农村、农业、农民带来了灾难性的后果。江苏农村公共食堂是全国农村公共食堂的一个缩影,存在着浪费粮食、降低社员生产积极性、浪费劳动力、不利于发展家庭副业、不节省烧柴、不利于团结、生活不便等自身难以克服的缺点,又是当时农村以"共产风"为主要特征的"五风"盛行根源之一,为群众所深恶痛绝。与全国其他省份相比,江苏在"大跃进"中,以江渭清为首的省党政领导很快走向务实,江苏农村公共食堂很快就出现了数量急剧减少、固定食堂少、农忙食堂多、食堂规模小等特点。庐山会议后,江苏公共食堂恢复率低,又以"调整"为名解散了很多食堂,特别是从1961年2月经毛泽东的同意江苏首先在全国解散公共食堂,这也是"大跃进"期间江苏省"非正常死亡"人数较少的原因之一。

The countryside public canteen was not only the production of left thought in the Great Leap Forward and the People Commune Movement,but also the carrier of providing system in the People Commune Movement.From the secord half of the year 1958 to May 1961,it rushed headlong into mass action under the high political pressure and the fake propaganda such as ＂have a meal no money＂and so on,which adapted to the need of the Great Leap Forward such as organizing like army,acting like fighting and collective living.It was so gloomily maintained soon that was regulated.It was forcibly restored and reserved due to the Leader＇s preference and insisting.It was completely destructed due to investigation and research.It brought catastrophic consequences to countryside,agriculture and peasant.The countryside public canteen in Jiangsu Province was a miniature of the countryside public canteen in the whole country,which had a lot of shortcomings such as wasting food,lowering labor enthusiasm,wasting labor forces,disadvantage of developing family sideline,wasting burning materials,disadvantage of unity,giving life inconvenience.It was the source of Five Wind mainly characterized the communist wind,which was extremely hated by peasants.Compared with the other provinces,the leaders led by Jiang Weiqing in Jiangsu Province delt with concrete matters relating to work soon since the Great Leap Forward began.The countryside public canteen in Jiangsu Province had following characters,for example,the number of countryside public canteen in Jiangsu Province and the fixed public canteen was reduced extremely,in which there were more public canteens of busy season,the scale of public canteens was small.The recovery rate of public canteen in Jiangsu Province was lower.Jiangsu Provinc dissolved many canteens in the name of adjustments after the Lusan Meeting.Jiangsu Province firstly dissolved canteens especially after Mao Zedong＇s agreement.The number of abnormal death in Jiangsu Province was less than the other povince according to the above reasons during the Great Leap Forward.