汉高祖刘邦纵放骊山徒时间考

A Textual Research about the time of Liu Bang's Releasing the Li-shan Criminals

刘邦西行送徒前夕,"常(尝)告归之田,吕后与两子居田中耨",从刘章《耕田歌》和当时的农业生产技术看,其田中种植的作物是粟类,中耕除草的时间在农历四月下旬至五月下旬之间。刘邦休假之后投入出发前的准备工作需要二三十天,因此西行纵徒斩蛇应在其后的农历六月前后。再从蛇类的活动习性看,农历六月份,丰沛所在的徐州地区气温最高、气压最低、湿度最大,是蛇类的活跃期,蛇类经常横卧当道以通风散热,遂有"大蛇当径"刘邦纵徒斩蛇之壮举。从《汉书.惠帝纪》推知,惠帝出生于秦始皇三十七年(公元前210年)二月左右。《高祖本纪》中的"吕后与两子居田中耨","两子"分别为惠帝和鲁元公主,而"告归之田"是史籍记载中刘邦纵徒前的最后一次公开活动,可知秦始皇三十七年二月,是纵徒时间的上限。从《高祖本纪》看,纵徒时间的下限是秦始皇东巡,在《秦始皇本纪》中,东巡有四次,其中前三次早于公元前210年,惠帝尚未出生,故纵徒时间的下限只能与第四次东巡有关,即秦始皇三十七年(前210)。因此,刘邦纵放郦山徒的时间应为秦始皇三十七年农历六月前后(公元前210年7月)。

On the eve of went going and sending criminals,Liu Bang had gone back to farmland,Queen Lv and two children were weeding in the fields.According to Liu Zhang＇s＂Plow song＂and agricultural production techniques at that time,the crops in farmland were millet.The time of intertillage weeding was between late lunar April and late lunar May.Liu Bang began to prepare for departure after vacation,it needed 20 to 30 days.Therefore,going west,releasing criminals and killing the snake should happen around the sixth month of the lunar calender.Also,according to habits of snakes＇ activities,it is snakes active periods in lunar June,which is the highest temperature,lowest air pressure,maximum humidity period in Feng and Pei area of Xu Zhou.In order to ventilate and cool,snakes often block the way.Hence,＂there happened the killing of the snake＂.Based on the Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty in Han Shu,the Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty was approximately born in lunar February,the 37th year of Emperor Qin Shihuang（about 210B.C.）.In GAO ZU BEN JI,＂ Queen Lv and two children were weeding in the field.The children were Emperor Hui and Princess Lu Yuan.In historical records,＂going back to farmland＂ was Liu Bang＇s last public activity before he released criminals.So,lunar February,the 37th of Emperor Qin Shihuang was the time limit of this event.Form GAO ZU BEN JI,the time limit of the end of this event was Qin Shihuang East Tour.In Qin Shihuang BEN JI,he toured East four times,the first three of them is as early as 210B.C.then without Emperor Hui＇born.The time limit of the end of releasing criminals only has reference to the last East Tour： the 37th year of Emperor Qin Shihuang.In conclusion,the time of releasing the Li-shan＇s criminals by Liu Bang should happen around lunar June,the 37th year of Emperor Qin Shihuang（about 210B.C.）