放牧管理的现代化转型——我国亟待补上的一课

Transformation of grazing system:the urgent task for China

放牧是国内外普遍运用的土地管理的基本手段,至今全球陆地大约半数以上处于放牧管理之下。放牧是由人居、草地和家畜三要素构成的草地生态子系统,其内核为人居-草地-畜群放牧系统单元的健全与稳定。放牧历经原始游牧期、放牧转型期与以划区轮牧为核心的放牧现代化时期三阶段。随着科技与文化的发展,社会工业革命的完成,工业文明的科学技术和文化内涵不断融入放牧管理系统,最终完成了放牧畜牧业的现代化转型,从而确立了以人居-草地-畜群放牧系统单元为内核的划区轮牧的基本模式。划区轮牧是一种开放的农业技术体系,具有多种方式,适应于不同的农业系统,可兼顾生态与生产的需求,是草地放牧管理的重大进步。本研究以美国为代表,剖析了历时300年的放牧现代化转型过程。我国囿于传统农耕文化,对放牧管理系统误解甚多,损失严重,而对放牧现代化转型几乎浑然不觉。这是我们面临的重大历史任务,亟待补上的一课。

Grazing is the basic measure of land management both at home and abroad, and the grazing land covers more than half of the global terrestrial sphere. As a sub-system of grassland ecosystem, grazing is composed by three elements of human settlement, grassland and livestock, Its core is the soundness and stability of the tripartite system. Grazing may historically be divided into three stages., the primary nomad- ic period, the transformation grazing period and the morden grazing period. With developing of technology and culture as well as industrial civilization, the grazing management system has constantly take in the technology and culture elements from that civilization and finally completed the transformation, Finally the basic rotational grazing model of human settlement, grasslad and livestock unit established. The rotational grazing is a kind of open agricultural technical system assumed in many sub-models so may adapt to various agricultural system and meeting the requirements both of ecology and production as well, so it is signifi- cant progress of grassland grazing management. This paper, using the case of the United States, discussed the grazing transformation process which lasted for almost three hundred years. On the other hand, limit- ed by the traditional agrarian culture, China has so many misunderstandings of grazing management system and hardly aware of the morden transformation of grazing, resulted in a serious loss for such a long time. At the present, grazing transformation is one of the most urgent task for China.