巴西大豆资源及其供应链体系研究

A Study on Brazil’s Soybean Resources and the Supply Chain System

巴西农业资源条件优越,大豆生产潜力大,目前是我国最主要的大豆进口国之一。基于我国农业资源的限制,大豆成为我国战略性资源之一,研究巴西大豆资源,对于保障我国大豆安全供给以及探讨我国对巴西大豆资源的利用潜力及途径具有重要意义。供应链为研究大豆资源及其流动过程提供了有效工具。巴西大豆供应链体系包括农资供给、生产、收购及仓储、压榨、国内运输及出口等6个环节,各环节在参与者以及不同区域的供应链体系存在明显差异。巴西大豆供应链存在的问题是长距离的低效运输引起的大豆成本的增加、跨国公司对巴西大豆资源的垄断以及大豆生产不断扩大引起的资源流动和生态环境问题。我国在巴西大豆资源开发投资要按照由"点"到"面",再到"线"的方式参与供应链中的各个环节;同时要实现农业资源的综合开发,积极参与可持续大豆的发展,延长大豆资源的价值链,保证我国大豆资源供给安全。

Economic development, urbanization, and changing diet habit have rapidly increased the demand for soybean and soybean meal in China since the 1980s. The gap between soybean demand and domestic supply has enlarged in recent years for the limitation of agricultural resources. More than 54＇06 tons of soybeans were imported to China to meet the increasing consumption in 2010. This made soybean become one of the strategic resources in China. Brazil is the second largest soybean production country and exporter in the world. It still has huge agricultural production potential for its good resource conditions. Soybean cultivation in Brazil is expected to expand further in the coming decades, mainly responding to growing demand in Asia. The production will reach 90 million tons in 2020. Brazil＇s soybean resources play an important role in ensuring food safety in China. The aim of this paper was to study Brazil＇s soybean resources and potential development and utilization opportunities in terms of the supply chain. The supply chain is a tool to evaluate resources flow and their ecological and economical impacts. The Brazil＇s soybean supply chain includes six links： agricultural finance supply, soybean production, purchase and storage, soybean crushing, local logistics, trading, and export. Players and structures of the soybean supply chain varied in different production regions. The problems that exist in the supply chain are： 1） the long transportation distance adds the soybean production cost, which may influence Brazil＇s soybean competition in the world market; 2） monopolization of multinational corporation on Brazil＇s soybean resources; and 3） high environment costs of the soybean production in Brazil. Through the analysis it was concluded that： 1） Brazil＇s soybean production still has large increasing room, which can meet the increasing soybean demand in China; 2） multinational corporations take part in every step of the supply chain and control the Brazil＇s soybean supply chain, which threatens the domestic crushing plant and the soybean supply in China. Enterprises need to carry out the ＂Going Abroad＂ strategy and play in the supply chain; 3） the participation strategy of the supply chain for China enterprises can follow principles, i.e., from ＂points＂ to ＂surfaces＂, then ＂lines＂. The ＂points＂ mean storage, port, and crushing plant; the ＂surfaces＂ means land resources, and the ＂lines＂ mean road construction; and 4） in order to relieve environment pressure and make the maximum utilization of agricultural resources in Brazil, measures should also include the rotation of soybean with wheat and corn, integration of plantation and livestock production with the participation in the Roundtable on Responsible soybean.