南宋朝贡体系的构成与运行

Structure and Operation of the Tributary System in Southern Song Dynasty

南宋时期,并存着宋朝和金朝两大朝贡体系。南宋朝贡体系与北宋相比大为萎缩,西夏、高丽都断绝了与宋朝的朝贡关系,西北诸族也脱离了宋朝的朝贡体系。南宋对待诸国朝贡的态度也更为消极。对大理,虽有战马贸易,但拒绝其朝贡;对交趾和占城的朝贡也实行限制。见于记载的诸国入宋朝贡的次数十分有限。南宋为维护"中国"的地位,仍然以君臣华夷的原则规定以自己为中心的朝贡秩序,诸国入宋朝贡却主要出于经济目的。交趾和大理在对宋交往时基本遵守宋朝的规定,在本国却行皇帝制度;南海诸国尊重南宋作为经济大国的地位,但并不关心甚至也不甚理解宋朝规定的政治秩序。

The tributary system in Southern Song Dynasty shrank greatly as compared with that in Northern Song Dynasty. Xixia, Koryo and political powers in northwest areas didn＇ t pay any tribute to Southern Song Dynasty at all. Southern Song government treated the tributary states with a positive attitude. For example, Southern Song government bought horses from Dali, but refused to accept Dali＇ s tribute, and restricted Vietnam and Champ in payment of tribute. In order to uphold its position as ＂China＂ （ center of the world） , Southern Song Dynasty stipulated its tributary order according to the relationship between Chinese nationality and ethnic groups, or between monarch and his subjects. Getting economic benefit was the major objective of the tributary states paying tribute to Southern Song Dynasty. The Southern Song government was very different from the tributary states in their viewpoints. Vietnam and Dali abided by the tributary rules when they payed tribute to Southern Song Dynasty, but carried out the emperor system in their own countries. States in Nanhai Areas respected Southem Song Dynasty as an economically great nation, but didn＇ t care about, or even couldn＇ t understand the political order stipulated by Southern Song Dynasty.