论“观”在《周易》哲学中的建构

On the Construction of "Seeing" in Philosophy of Zhou-yi

从《周易》开始,"观"即成为中国古典哲学中主体与对象发生关系的基本方式。"贞观"这个命题其实为《周易》哲学重视"观"的方式提供了哲学依据。这种由"观"而来的主体行为主要不是认识论的而是存在论的,它体现了中国古人对于直接被给予性的信仰。通过这种"观",古人从被直接给予的天地精神那里得到的不是知识的可靠性,而是生存的可靠性。在这种"观"的建构中,"观"卦中的"观生"主要还是一种经验性的道德践履;然而《易传》中的"观象"则具有了深刻的形而上的内涵,这种"观"由效法天地而成为天人相合的重要条件。所以,在《周易》中,"观"不仅是人以理性之光照亮天地,更是人自然地处于天地澄明之中。

In Zhou-yi,seeing started to be a basic way by which the subject has a relation with the object in Chinese classical philosophy.The thesis Zhen-guan sets a philosophical foundation for Zhou-yi in which seeing is paid more attention to.Seeing as subjective behavior is not epistemological,but ontological.It shows the belief of Chinese ancient people to direct givenness.By seeing,what the ancient people got from the spirit of Heaven-Earth given directly was not the reliability of knowledge,but that of life.In the construction of seeing,seeing-life is mainly an experiential and moral behavior;while seeing-image has a profound metaphysical meaning,and it is an important way of keeping the harmonious between nature and human.Therefore,in Zhou-yi,seeing is not only that human casts light on Heaven-Earth,but also that human lies naturally in the clarity of Heaven-Earth.