美国行政裁决程序中的传闻证据——一个历史维度的考察

The Hearsay Evidence in US Administrative Adjudications——from a historical perspective

在美国,存在着行政裁决程序和法院审判程序两类不同的程序。传统观点认为,行政裁决程序不受约束法庭事实认定者的审判证据规则的影响,尤其以传闻证据具有可采性为典型。随着美国行政程序的发展,传闻证据排除规则在美国行政程序法中逐渐兴起,使得行政程序证据规则和审判证据规则之间的关系发生了微妙变化。对两类证据规则之间关系的重新解读,将为我国行政程序证据规则的制定提供可借鉴的思路。

There are two different procedures in the United States： the administrative adjudication procedures and judicial proceedings.Generally believed that the administrative adjudication procedures were not affected by evidence rules of court that govern the fact-finder at trial,which especially the hearsay evidence in administrative proceedings is admissible as typical.About probable force of hearsay evidence,since the constraint of ＂residuum rule＂,hearsay evidence alone can not constitute substantial evidence.As the development of administrative procedures in the United States,the exclusion rule of hearsay evidence has gradually recovered in the US administrative procedure act,it makes the relationship between the evidence rules of administrative procedures and evidence rules of court subtly changed.Rethinking the relationship between two different evidence rules can provide reasonable ideas for formulating evidence rules of administrative procedures in China.