干旱半干旱地区集雨利用模式及可持续发展对策

Models of Rainwater Harvesting System and Sustainable Development Countermeasures in Arid and Semi-arid Areas

随着全球性干旱加剧与水资源问题的日益突出,雨水利用已成为世界范围内关注的一个热点问题。依据近年来集雨利用的研究和实践,总结归纳了集雨利用的3种模式:分别是道路庭院集雨的人畜用水与农业补灌利用模式,坡地集雨生态林草-畜牧型模式,小流域集雨综合利用模式。分析了干旱半干旱地区存在集雨利用技术体系的综合性不强,先进的节水灌溉设施匹配不够,雨水利用效率不高,环境影响评价制度不完善,生态效应不明显,资金投入不足,先进技术的推广应用进展缓慢等主要问题。在此基础上,从区域可收集雨水资源潜力、雨水高效利用技术集成体系、先进集雨高效用水灌溉技术的配套、雨水集蓄的环境效应评价制度建设、拓宽资金投入渠道、建立补偿机制等方面,提出了集雨技术可持续发展的对策。

With the global drought and water shortage becoming more prominent,use of rainwater has drawn a worldwide concern.Based on the research development in arid and semi-arid regions over the world in recent years,this paper firstly summarizes three models of rainwater harvesting system in these kinds of areas,namely the model of collecting rainwater from courtyard and road for drinking of people and livestock and water supply in farmland,the model of harvesting rainwater on slope for ecological forestry grassland and animal husbandry and the model of rainwater harvesting by watershed for all-around use.Then the paper analyzes the existing major problems of rainwater harvesting techniques in arid and semi-arid areas,such as the poor comprehensive technology in rainwater harvesting system,the shortage of advanced water-saving irrigation facilities,poor efficiency of rainwater utilization,faultiness of environmental impact assessment system,low quality of ecological effects,insufficiency in capital investment and slow development in promotion and application of advanced technology,etc.On this basis,the paper puts forward the sustainable development strategies about rainwater harvesting technology from the following aspects,the potential of regional rainwater resources collecting,the efficient use of technology integration system for rainwater,the good matching of advanced water harvesting and efficient irrigation technology,the construction of environmental effect evaluation system of rainwater harvesting system,the broad channels of capital investment and the establishment of benefit compensation mechanism.